In the research laboratories, a scientist’s notebook represents a comprehensive record of the experiments that were performed, why an experiment was performed, and what the results mean. First, the lab notebook is used to design their experiments. As the experiment…
Category: Beginner
Summer Vacation Ideas for Students
At some point in time, every motivated teacher or parent has observed the dreaded "summer slump", the inexorable decay of skills as important concepts are forgotten and critical thinking shuts down. Fortunately, this seemingly inevitable decline can be headed off by adding…
Biotech Basics: Restriction Enzymes
What are restriction enzymes? Restriction endonucleases (also known as restriction enzymes) act like molecular scissors, cutting double-stranded DNA at specific sequences. They are produced by many species of bacteria to protect themselves from invading viral DNA. The utility of restriction…
Biotech Basics: A Plasmid Primer
What are plasmids? In 1952, Nobel Prize Winner Joshua Lederberg introduced the term ‘plasmid’, a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule that naturally exists in bacterial cells and some eukaryotes (Fig. 1). Plasmids have been used by molecular biologists to study, analyze,…
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